The difference between a crystal oscillator and a crystal resonator

In electronic devices, crystal oscillators and crystal resonators are two closely related but slightly different concepts. They are all based on the physical properties of crystals and are used to generate stable frequency signals and are key components in electronic systems. While they are similar in functionality, there are nuances in application, construction, and performance.
1. Crystal Oscillator
A crystal oscillator is an oscillating circuit based on the principle of crystal oscillation to generate a sine wave signal with a stable frequency. It is commonly used in occasions that require high stability and high precision, such as digital clocks, communication equipment, clock systems, etc.

Features:

(1)Frequency Stability: Using the piezoelectric effect of crystals, their frequencies are extremely stable, typically in the range of a few hertz to tens of kilohertz.

(2)High accuracy: The frequency error of crystal oscillators is very small, usually within ± 100ppm (parts per million).

(3)Wide Application: Commonly used in clocks, timers, communication systems, etc.

(4)Applications:

Used in electronic clocks, watches, GNSS receivers, etc.

It is used as a reference signal source in communication systems.
2. Crystal Resonator
A crystal resonator is the core element of a crystal oscillator, a small crystal element used to generate oscillating signals of specific frequencies in a circuit. It is typically integrated into oscillating circuits to provide a stable and precise frequency output.

Features:
(1)Resonant Characteristics: Resonators can generate stable oscillations at specific frequencies through the resonant properties of crystals. 

(2)Miniaturization: Crystal resonators are small in size and can be integrated into integrated circuits.
(3)High reliability: Due to the physical properties of the crystal, the resonator has high stability over long-term operation.

(4)Applications:

It is used for oscillation circuits, filters, signal conditioning circuits, etc.

It is commonly used in microprocessors, communication modules, audio processing equipment, etc.

3. The difference between crystal oscillators and crystal resonators

Item:  Crystal Oscillator   Crystal Resonator

Function: Generate a stable high-frequency oscillation signal   

For creating oscillations at specific frequencies in a circuit

The structure: contains oscillating circuits   Contain only crystals

Performance: High frequency, high accuracy   Stable frequency and high accuracy
Applications: Used in high-frequency signal sources, clock systems   

Used in oscillating circuits, filters, etc

Integration: requires external circuitry    Integrated into the circuit

4. Summary
Crystal oscillators and crystal resonators play an important role in electronic systems. While they are both based on the physical properties of the crystal, the oscillator is the core of the overall circuit, and the resonator is the key element in achieving stable frequencies. In practical applications, choosing the right oscillator or resonator can significantly improve the performance and reliability of electronic devices.